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Why this page exists. The largest single complaint about online cost calculators in India is that they hide their numbers. You are told a Mumbai 2BHK costs ₹25 lakh, but never told where that figure came from, when it was last refreshed, or what it would cost in Andheri vs Borivali. We publish all of that here.

If a number on Ghar Ka Budget is wrong, this page lets you find the source, check it, and email us a correction. We update within 48 hours of any verified discrepancy.

How we source numbers

Every rate published on Ghar Ka Budget is derived from at least one of the following, in order of preference:

  1. Government rate schedules — CPWD Schedule of Rates (the central government baseline used for public construction tenders), state PWD SORs, and IGR (Inspector General of Registration) circle rates published on each state's stamp duty portal.
  2. Government statistical releases — MOSPI Wholesale Price Index for construction materials (cement, steel, sand, bricks), state Labour Department minimum wage notifications, and RBI lender rate disclosures.
  3. Regulatory authority disclosures — state RERA (Real Estate Regulatory Authority) project filings (which include verified per-sqft cost data for registered projects), and municipal byelaw publications (LDA, BMC, BBMP, MCGM, etc.).
  4. Cross-validated market data — rates collected from real contractor quotes, supplier dealer prices, and broker-validated registration values, used only to calibrate against (1)–(3) above. Estimates represent the 50th percentile of verified market quotes, with stated ±15% variance.
  5. Industry research reports — JLL Construction Cost Guide India, CBRE residential market reports, and similar — used for cross-validation of city-tier multipliers, never as a primary rate source.

We do not source rates from contractor referral platforms, builder-promoted publications, or affiliate-funded blog content.

Primary data sources (with date last verified)

SourceUsed forLast verified
CPWD Schedule of Rates (Delhi) 2024–25Construction baseline rates, civil itemsApr 2026
MOSPI WPI Construction Materials (monthly)Cement, steel, sand, brick price trackingMay 2026
State IGR portals (13 states)Stamp duty, registration fees, gender concessionsMay 2026
RBI lender rate disclosures + bank websitesHome loan EMI, eligibility FOIR formula, rate rangesMay 2026
State Labour Department wage notificationsMason and contractor labour cost componentApr 2026
RERA registered project filings (state-wise)City-level per-sqft cost calibrationApr 2026
Municipal byelaws (LDA, BBMP, BMC, etc.)Approval timelines, FAR rules, setback normsApr–May 2026
Cement Manufacturers Association (CMA) dealer pricingCity-wise cement bag price (OPC 53)May 2026
Steel Mint / dealer surveysTMT steel price (Fe 500D, 12mm)May 2026
JLL Construction Cost Guide India 2025City-tier multiplier calibrationAnnual reference

Refresh policy

We refresh rates under any of these triggers:

Current rate vintage: Q3 2026 (April–June). Last full city rate review completed 5 May 2026. Next scheduled refresh: 1 July 2026.

Per-calculator methodology

Each calculator below carries its specific formula, input ranges, rate sources, and known limitations. If you copied a calculation share-link or downloaded a PDF, the methodology section it references is here, anchor-linked.

Want a second opinion on your calculator result? Every calculator has a "Verify with AI" button that opens a curated prompt for ChatGPT, Claude, or Gemini. The full catalogue of 12 prompts (one per calculator) is published openly at /ai-prompts/. Use them with or without our calculator — they're free.

Construction Cost Calculator Q3 2026

Calculator: /construction/ Variance: ±15% Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Total all-in construction cost for an independent house build in India, broken down by 9 line items (excavation, foundation, structure, brickwork, roofing, electricals, plumbing, finishing, miscellaneous), adjusted for plot size, number of floors, finish quality (economy / standard / premium / luxury), and city tier.

Core formula

total_cost = built_up_area_sqft × per_sqft_rate(quality) × city_tier_multiplier × floors_factor per_sqft_rate is calibrated for 4 quality tiers (economy / standard / premium / luxury) city_tier_multiplier maps cities to one of 3 tiers based on CPWD region weighting + RERA project data floors_factor adjusts for G+1, G+2, G+3 (additional structural cost above ground floor) The specific rate bands are visible in the calculator output for each scenario.

Rate sources

  • CPWD Schedule of Rates 2024–25 (civil items, finishing items)
  • MOSPI WPI Construction Materials Index, May 2026 release (cement, steel, brick movement since Q1)
  • State Labour Department minimum wage notifications, Apr 2026 (mason, helper, electrician)
  • JLL Construction Cost Guide India 2025 (city-tier validation)
  • 50+ contractor quotes collected Apr–May 2026 across Tier-1 cities (median calibration)

Known limitations

  • Excludes plot acquisition, stamp duty, and approval fees (use /stamp-duty/ + /plot-viability/ for those).
  • Excludes furnishing, modular kitchen, and full interior fit-out (use /interior/).
  • Assumes standard soil bearing; black cotton, reclaimed, or coastal soil adds 8–15%.
  • Does not model Vastu-driven layout inefficiencies (room placement quirks that increase wall length without increasing usable area).
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Interior Cost Estimator Q3 2026

Calculator: /interior/ Variance: ±20% Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Room-by-room interior fit-out estimate covering modular kitchen, wardrobes, false ceiling, painting, flooring, electricals, soft furnishings, and decor. Inputs: BHK type, finish tier, city.

Rate model

4 finish tiers (basic / mid / premium / luxury) calibrated against local-carpenter market quotes, with city adjustment factors and a separate uplift band for branded design houses. The specific rupee bands for your BHK + tier + city combination appear in the calculator output.

Rate sources

  • Local-carpenter market quotes Apr–May 2026, 6 cities (Mumbai, Bangalore, Pune, Delhi NCR, Hyderabad, Chennai)
  • Branded studio (Livspace, HomeLane, Sleek, Pepperfry) public price disclosures, treated as upper-bound ×1.30–1.55
  • Material rate cross-check: Greenply HDHMR boards, Hettich hardware, MR/BWP plywood market dealer pricing

Known limitations

  • Branded showroom (Livspace, HomeLane, Sleek, Pepperfry) quotes typically run 30–55% above the calculator’s baseline. The calculator reflects skilled-carpenter setup pricing.
  • Imported tile/marble (Italian, Spanish), designer wallpapers, and brand-name furniture pieces are not modelled.
  • Bangalore and Pune skew toward modular kitchens; Mumbai and Delhi NCR skew toward dressing rooms and walk-in wardrobes — the BHK-level estimate averages across these.
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Home Loan EMI Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /emi/ Variance: Exact (calculation, not estimate) Rate range last reviewed: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Monthly EMI, total interest payable, and full year-by-year amortisation schedule for a home loan. Inputs: principal, interest rate, tenure.

Core formula

EMI = P × r × (1+r)^n / ((1+r)^n − 1) P = principal (loan amount) r = monthly interest rate (annual rate / 12 / 100) n = number of monthly instalments (years × 12) Total interest = (EMI × n) − P

The formula itself is the standard reducing-balance EMI formula used by every Indian bank. The calculator's output should match (within rounding) any RBI-regulated lender's amortisation schedule for the same inputs.

Rate range guidance (May 2026)

  • Best case 7.10–7.50%: top corporate salaried, ₹75L+ loan, 750+ CIBIL, premium employer (e.g. BoB 7.10%, SBI 7.50%, ICICI pre-approved 7.50%)
  • Typical salaried 7.75–8.75%: standard salaried, ₹25–75L loan, 700+ CIBIL
  • Self-employed / lower CIBIL 8.75–10.00%: self-employed business owner, or salaried with 650–700 CIBIL
  • Plot loan 8.75–10.50%: 0.5–1.0% above home loan rate, max 15-year tenure

Rate sources

  • RBI repo rate disclosures (current repo: 6.00% as of latest MPC, May 2026)
  • SBI / HDFC / ICICI / Axis / Kotak / Bajaj Housing public rate disclosures, May 2026
  • BankBazaar and Paisabazaar aggregated lender rate cards (cross-validation only)

Known limitations

  • Does not model floating-rate transitions (most Indian home loans are floating, linked to MCLR or repo). The calculator assumes the entered rate stays constant.
  • Does not model processing fees, prepayment charges, or insurance bundling.
  • Does not model PMAY interest subsidy (eligible only for first home, EWS/LIG/MIG income brackets).
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EMI vs Rent Break-Even Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /emi-vs-rent/ Output: Verdict + break-even year + year-by-year wealth Last rate review: 7 May 2026

What it computes

For a given property + loan + rent + market-assumption set, simulates wealth in BUY and RENT scenarios month-by-month over the user's stated horizon. Reports the break-even year (the year buying first overtakes renting on net wealth) and a verdict.

Core method

For each month from 1 to horizon: BUY: amortise loan one month forward (interest + principal split via standard formula) accrue maintenance + property tax (1/12 of annual %) property_value(end_year) = price × (1 + appreciation)^year BUY_equity = property_value − remaining_loan_balance RENT: pay this month's rent (escalates yearly by user input) invest the BUY-vs-RENT cash differential at alt-return compounds month-by-month at alt-return / 12 Verdict at end-of-horizon: BUY_equity > RENT_invested × 1.10 → BUY within ±5% → MARGINAL (re-check assumptions) RENT_invested > BUY_equity → RENT

Closing cost calibration

  • Stamp duty: same 13-state IGR-portal sourced rates as /stamp-duty/
  • Registration: state-specific; capped at ₹30K for Maharashtra (per IGR Maharashtra notification)
  • Brokerage: 0.5% buyer-side typical for Indian primary market in 2026 (resale market typically 1%)
  • Legal + title search: ₹25,000 fixed cost (urban Tier-1; Tier-2/3 typically ₹15–20K)

Known limitations

  • Tax benefits (Section 24 interest deduction up to ₹2L; Section 80C principal up to ₹1.5L; HRA exemption for renters) are NOT modelled. Including them typically strengthens the BUY case by 5–15% over a 20-year tenure for users in the 30% tax slab.
  • Behavioural reality: many people don't actually invest the EMI–rent differential. The BUY scenario provides "forced saving" via principal repayment; the RENT scenario assumes perfect investment discipline.
  • Rental availability and locality fit are not modelled — in some areas an equivalent rental simply doesn't exist.
  • Liquidity asymmetry: property is illiquid (3–6 months to sell with discounts); investments are liquid in days. The calculator's wealth comparison ignores this.
  • Assumes you live in the property if you buy — no rental income on the BUY side. For investment-property analysis, add 2.5–3.5% gross yield minus 30–35% costs to BUY scenario.
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Home Loan Prepay vs SIP Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /prepay-vs-sip/ Output: Verdict + corpus comparison + year-by-year wealth Last rate review: 8 May 2026

What it computes

For an active home loan + monthly surplus + tax setup + alt-return assumption, simulates two paths month-by-month over the loan's remaining tenure: (a) keep paying EMI normally and invest surplus in SIP, vs (b) prepay the surplus into the loan, then redirect freed cashflow to SIP after payoff. Reports net wealth at end-of-tenure for both paths and a verdict.

Core method

For each month from 1 to remaining_tenure: PATH A (KEEP-INVESTING): amortise loan one month forward (interest + principal split) invest surplus in SIP at alt-return / 12 track annual interest paid → year-end tax credit (Sec 24) PATH B (PREPAY): apply (EMI - interest) + surplus to principal until balance = 0 after payoff: invest (EMI + surplus) in SIP at alt-return / 12 track annual interest paid → year-end tax credit (Sec 24) Tax accrual (annual): deductible_interest = min(annual_interest, SEC24_CAP) tax_saved = deductible_interest × tax_slab add tax_saved to corpus (compounds at alt-return going forward) SEC24_CAP = ₹200000 (self-occupied, old regime) = ∞ (let-out, either regime) = ₹0 (no Sec 24 deduction claimed / new regime self-occ) Verdict at end-of-tenure: PATH_B_corpus > PATH_A_corpus × 1.05 → PREPAY-LOAN within ±5% → TOO-CLOSE-TO-CALL PATH_A_corpus > PATH_B_corpus × 1.05 → KEEP-INVESTING

Tax-mode handling

  • Section 24(b) cap of ₹2L for self-occupied properties (old regime only) per Income Tax Act — verified against CBDT clarifications and 2025-26 ITR forms.
  • Let-out properties: full annual interest is deductible — same rule under both old and new regimes per Finance Act 2024.
  • New regime self-occupied: no Section 24 deduction available — the calc's "No deduction" mode covers this.
  • Pre-construction interest, Section 80C principal repayment (old regime), and Section 80EE/EEA additional deductions are NOT modelled. They typically tilt the math further toward KEEP-INVESTING for buyers in the old regime.

Known limitations

  • Constant interest rate over remaining tenure — floating-rate loans actually reset with repo movements. A 100bp drop in rate over the holding period mildly favours KEEP-INVESTING; a 100bp rise favours PREPAY.
  • Constant alt-return — real markets are stochastic. The 11% mean assumption obscures the path-dependent risk of stopping SIP during a market drawdown.
  • Equity LTCG taxation (12.5% above ₹1.25L per year, post April 2024) is NOT applied to the SIP corpus. For long holding periods this represents a small (typically 5-8%) drag on the KEEP-INVESTING path.
  • Prepayment is assumed to reduce tenure (not EMI). For floating-rate loans by individual borrowers, RBI rules prohibit prepayment penalty.
  • "Forced saving" behaviour effect — the calc assumes you actually invest the surplus consistently in PATH A. In practice, many households don't; the prepayment path provides forced discipline that the math doesn't credit.
  • Liquidity asymmetry — SIP corpus is liquid in days; loan prepayment locks money into property equity. The wealth comparison ignores this real-world cost.
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Home Loan Balance Transfer Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /balance-transfer/ Output: Net lifetime saving + breakeven months + verdict Last rate review: 14 May 2026

What it computes

For an active home loan + a new refinance offer from a different lender, computes the EMI under each rate, the total interest payable over the remaining tenure for both, the all-in switching cost (processing fee + GST, foreclosure penalty if applicable, valuation, legal, CERSAI, fresh stamp duty), the net lifetime saving, the breakeven month at which cumulative EMI savings cross total switching costs, and a verdict.

Core method

EMI = P × r × (1+r)^n / ((1+r)^n − 1) where r = monthly rate = annual_rate / 12 / 100 n = remaining months P = outstanding principal Lifetime interest = EMI × n − P Switching cost components: processing_fee = pf_pct × outstanding pf_with_gst = processing_fee × 1.18 (18% GST) foreclosure = fore_pct × outstanding (0% floating-rate per RBI; 2-3% typical fixed) other = valuation + legal/TIR + CERSAI re-reg stamp = fresh mortgage stamp duty (state-dependent) total_switching = pf_with_gst + foreclosure + other + stamp Net lifetime savings = (old_interest − new_interest) − total_switching Breakeven months = total_switching / (old_EMI − new_EMI) Verdict bands: WORTH-IT if breakeven < 24 months AND net savings > ₹2L MARGINAL if breakeven 24-48 months OR net savings ₹1L-₹2L DON'T-SWITCH if breakeven > 48 months OR net savings < ₹1L DON'T-SWITCH if new EMI ≥ old EMI (negative monthly saving)

Rate framework + cost defaults

  • Post-RBI repo cut (5.25%, December 2025) rate framework: best 7.10-7.50%, typical 7.75-8.75%, self-employed 8.75-10.0%. Verified against SBI / HDFC / Bajaj Housing Finance / IDFC First / Bank of Baroda / ICICI published card rates, May 2026.
  • Foreclosure penalty: zero for floating-rate home loans for individual borrowers per RBI circular RBI/2013-14/582 (effective 2014) and reaffirmed in subsequent RBI Master Directions. Fixed-rate loans may carry 2-3%.
  • Processing fee: 0.25-0.50% of outstanding + 18% GST; commonly capped at ₹25K-50K per bank schedules.
  • Stamp duty on fresh mortgage deed: Maharashtra 0.2-0.3%, Karnataka 0.1%, Delhi typically nil on transfer, Tamil Nadu typically nil. Verified against state stamp acts and bank disclosures.

Known limitations

  • Constant interest rate over remaining tenure on both old and new loans — in practice both are typically floating and reset with the repo. If both move in parallel the gap stays roughly constant.
  • Tax benefit continuity is assumed (Section 24 + 80C work identically across lenders) — correct in practice.
  • Loyalty perks (free locker, premium banking, debit card waivers) at the existing lender are not quantified — subtract their value mentally if material.
  • CIBIL score impact during transition (5-10 point dip, recovers in 6-12 months) is not modelled.
  • Top-up loans bundled with the transfer are not modelled — treat the existing loan only.
  • The 30-45 day transition risk (missing an EMI to the old lender by accident) is operational, not financial — the calc assumes a clean transition.
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PMAY 2.0 Eligibility Checker May 2026

Calculator: /pmay-eligibility/ Output: Eligibility verdict + subsidy payout + NPV + EMI saving Last rules review: 14 May 2026 (against pmaymis.gov.in)

What it computes

Runs the family situation through all six absolute PMAY-U 2.0 disqualifiers (income, property value, loan size, carpet area, first pucca house, prior beneficiary status), checks the conditional female-ownership requirement for EWS/LIG categories, and — if eligible — computes the exact subsidy payout, NPV, and monthly EMI reduction using the official scheme formula.

Core method

Step 1: Category determination income ≤ ₹3,00,000 → EWS (female ownership mandatory) ₹3,00,001 - ₹6,00,000 → LIG (female ownership mandatory) ₹6,00,001 - ₹9,00,000 → MIG (female ownership optional) > ₹9,00,000 → not eligible (hard cap) Step 2: Six absolute disqualifiers income ≤ ₹9L (else FAIL) property_value ≤ ₹35L (else FAIL) loan_amount ≤ ₹25L (else FAIL) carpet_area ≤ 120 sqm (else FAIL) no_existing_pucca_house (else FAIL) no_prior_govt_scheme_20yr (else FAIL) loan_sanctioned ≥ 1-Sep-2024 (else FAIL) IF EWS/LIG: female_owner_required Step 3: Subsidy calculation (only if eligible) eligible_loan = MIN(loan_amount, ₹8,00,000) subsidy_tenure_yrs = MIN(actual_tenure, 12) n_months = subsidy_tenure_yrs × 12 EMI_full = EMI(eligible_loan, bank_rate, n_months) EMI_subsidised = EMI(eligible_loan, bank_rate − 4%, n_months) monthly_saving = EMI_full − EMI_subsidised total_subsidy = monthly_saving × n_months capped_payout = MIN(total_subsidy, ₹1,80,000) Step 4: NPV calculation (per pmaymis.gov.in) yearly_instalment = capped_payout / 5 raw_NPV = Σ (yearly_instalment / 1.085^y) for y = 1..5 capped_NPV = MIN(raw_NPV, ₹1,50,000) Step 5: Effective EMI on full loan effective_principal = loan_amount − capped_NPV effective_EMI = EMI(effective_principal, bank_rate, actual_tenure × 12) monthly_EMI_saving = original_EMI − effective_EMI

Rule sources + last verified

  • pmaymis.gov.in Interest Subsidy Scheme (ISS) page — primary source for the six gates, ₹1.80L payout cap, ₹1.50L NPV cap, 8.5% discount rate, 5-instalment release schedule, 120 sqm carpet area cap. Last verified 14 May 2026.
  • ICICI Bank PMAY-U 2.0 page, HDFC Bank PMAY 2.0 page, Tata Capital, IIFL Home Loan, Bajaj Housing Finance, Mahindra Home Finance — cross-checked PLI implementation. All consistent on the ₹35L property value cap, ₹25L loan cap, 4% subsidy on first ₹8L, 12-year subsidy tenure.
  • Female-ownership rule for EWS/LIG only — confirmed against scheme guidelines and PLI FAQs.
  • 30-day PLI claim filing window through Unified Web Portal — per IDBI Bank PMAY-U 2.0 ISS FAQ (official source).

Known limitations

  • Subsidy release in 5 yearly instalments is conditional — the loan must be active AND have >50% principal outstanding at each release. Aggressive prepayment forfeits later instalments. The calc shows the maximum theoretical payout.
  • The 30-day PLI claim window is operational, not financial — the calc cannot warn about a specific PLI's track record on filing claims.
  • Self-attested income certificate is accepted by the scheme, but specific PLIs may still demand 2 years ITR (especially for self-employed buyers). The calc doesn't model PLI-specific stringency.
  • Resale within the 5-year subsidy disbursement window cancels remaining instalments — not modelled.
  • Tax treatment: Section 24 deduction is calculated on the post-NPV reduced principal, so the home loan interest deduction is slightly lower. Calc doesn't compute the small net tax effect.
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LTCG on Property Sale Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /ltcg-property/ Output: Method-A vs Method-B comparison + final tax with exemptions Last rules review: 14 May 2026 (CII FY 2025-26 = 376 per CBDT Notification 70/2025)

What it computes

For a property sale, applies the Finance Act 2024 dual-regime to compute LTCG tax: 12.5% without indexation (Method A) vs 20% with indexation (Method B, only for properties acquired before 23 July 2024), picks the lower tax, then applies Section 54 / 54F / 54EC exemptions and the 4% Health & Education Cess.

Core method

Step 1: Holding period check IF months_held < 24: STCG (slab rate, calc not provided) ELSE: LTCG path below Step 2: Method A (always available) gainA = (sale − transfer_costs) − (purchase + improvement) taxA = 12.5% × max(gainA, 0) Step 3: Method B (only if purchase_date < 23 July 2024) indexed_purchase = purchase × CII[sale_FY] / CII[purchase_FY] indexed_improvement = improvement × CII[sale_FY] / CII[improvement_FY] gainB = (sale − transfer_costs) − indexed_purchase − indexed_improvement taxB = 20% × max(gainB, 0) Step 4: Choose lower tax chosen = (taxB < taxA) ? Method B : Method A Step 5: Apply exemptions (on chosen gain) IF residential sale + new house: Sec 54 = min(gain, new_invest, ₹10Cr) IF other sale + new house: Sec 54F = min(gain × new_invest/net_sale, ₹10Cr) IF 54EC bonds: Sec 54EC = min(gain, bonds, ₹50L) Step 6: Final tax taxable_LTCG = max(chosen_gain − total_exemption, 0) tax = taxable_LTCG × chosen_rate (12.5% or 20%) cess = tax × 4% all_in = tax + cess

CII table (CBDT-notified)

Base year FY 2001-02 = 100. Values for FY 2001-02 through FY 2025-26 (376) per CBDT Notification 70/2025 dated 1 July 2025. FY 2026-27 not yet notified as of July 2026 (typically released June-July).

Known limitations

  • Surcharge layer (10-37% on total income above ₹50L) not modelled. LTCG surcharge capped at 15% per Budget 2022.
  • Multiple improvements at different dates: calc handles one improvement entry; sum manually for multiple.
  • Joint ownership: run calc separately for each owner with their pro-rata share.
  • Inherited / gifted property: calc accepts the original owner's purchase price + year but doesn't enforce the rule.
  • Pre-1-April-2001 property: substitute the FMV value (higher of actual cost or FMV as on 1-Apr-2001) in the purchase price field; CII for 2001-02 = 100.
  • CGAS (Capital Gains Account Scheme) parking before ITR due date is not modelled — treats reinvestment as completed.
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Rental Yield Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /rental-yield/ Output: Gross / Net / After-tax yield + 10-year total return vs alt-investments Last benchmarks review: 14 May 2026

What it computes

For a rental property, computes three yield levels (gross, net after operating costs, after income tax) plus a year-by-year 10-year simulation comparing total return (rent + capital appreciation, post-LTCG) against FD, debt MF, and equity MF benchmarks. The verdict reflects how the property holds up as a pure financial investment.

Core method

Gross Yield = annual_rent / property_value × 100 Operating Costs (annual): property_tax = prop_tax_pct × value (typically 0.3-0.5%) maintenance = monthly_maint × 12 (society + own) vacancy = monthly_rent × vac_months (typically 1 month/yr) brokerage = monthly_rent × brk_months (typically 1 month/yr) repairs_reserve = repairs_pct × value (0.5% typical) insurance = annual_insurance total_op_costs = sum of above Net Yield = (annual_rent − total_op_costs) / property_value × 100 Income tax computation (Section 24): GAV = annual_rent (assumes actual = fair rent) NAV = GAV − property_tax std_deduction = 30% × NAV (Section 24(a)) taxable_rent = MAX(NAV − std_deduction − loan_interest, 0) tax_on_rent = taxable_rent × slab_pct × 1.04 (cess) After-Tax Yield = (net_op_income − tax_on_rent) / property_value × 100 10-year total return (year-by-year simulation): loop yr 1..10: rent escalates by rent_escalation% property value appreciates by appreciation% operating costs recomputed each year on new values after-tax rental added to cumulative capital_gain = year-10 value − purchase_value ltcg_tax = capital_gain × 12.5% × 1.04 total_return = cumulative_rent_after_tax + capital_gain − ltcg_tax annualised = ((total_return + purchase) / purchase)^(1/10) − 1

Verdict bands (on after-tax yield)

  • EXCELLENT: ≥ 3% after-tax (rare for Indian residential; commercial territory)
  • GOOD: 1.5% – 3% after-tax (above metro average)
  • AVERAGE: 0.5% – 1.5% (typical Tier-1 metro)
  • POOR: < 0.5% or negative (rent doesn't cover costs)

Benchmark return calculations

  • FD: 6.5% p.a. compounded; interest taxed at slab rate annually (TDS).
  • Debt MF: 7.5% p.a. CAGR; gain taxed at 12.5% LTCG × 1.04 cess (Budget 2024 post-July-23-2024 rule).
  • Equity MF: 12% p.a. CAGR; gain less ₹1.25L LTCG exemption, then 12.5% × 1.04 cess.

Known limitations

  • Loan EMI cash flow drag not modelled — only Section 24 interest deduction is captured for tax purposes.
  • Property selling costs (brokerage, legal, stamp duty on next purchase) not subtracted from 10-year total return.
  • Major repair/renovation cycles (bathroom every 8-10yr, painting every 4-5yr) lumped into the 0.5% repairs reserve — reality has lumpy spikes.
  • Maintenance default risk (tenant skipping payment) not modelled; calc assumes timely payment.
  • State-specific rental laws (rent control, escalation caps, eviction rules) not modelled.
  • Year-by-year simulation assumes constant escalation rates — in reality rents and prices move in cycles.
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Mumbai Society Redevelopment Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /society-redevelopment/ Output: Per-member benefit + developer margin under DCPR 2034 Reg 33(7)/(7A)/(7B)/(9)/(10)/(20A) Last regulation review: 14 May 2026 (DCPR 2034 amendments through Feb 2026)

What it computes

For a Mumbai cooperative housing society considering redevelopment, computes the FSI math under the applicable DCPR 2034 regulation, the per-member benefit package (new carpet + corpus + rent during construction), and the developer's expected margin. The margin output is the single most actionable number: above 25% means society can negotiate harder; below 5% means project is commercially inviable and won't proceed cleanly.

Carpet entitlement matrix (DCPR 2034)

Regulation | Single plot | 2-5 plots | 6+ plots 33(7) | +5% rehab | +8% rehab | +15% rehab 33(7A) | +5% rehab | +8% rehab | +15% rehab 33(7B) | +15% incentive FSI applied to permissible BUA, or | +108 sqft (10 sqm) per member, whichever is higher 33(9) | +15% rehab (cluster, min 4000 sqm) 33(10) | Min 300 sqft (no percentage bonus formula) 33(20A) | +15% incentive FSI on authorized BUA Min carpet 300 sqft, Max cap 1292 sqft, all regulations.

FSI computation

For 33(7), 33(7A) — cessed/dilapidated: base_fsi_bua = 3.0 × plot_sqft rehab_bua = total_rehab_carpet / 0.65 with_incentive = rehab_bua × (1 + incentive_pct) net_bua_pre_fungible = max(base_fsi_bua, with_incentive) For 33(9) — cluster: base_fsi_bua = 4.0 × plot_sqft (min 4000 sqm plot) + 15% cluster incentive on rehab For 33(10) — SRA: net_bua_pre_fungible = rehab_bua × 2.33 (rehab + 1.33x saleable, simplified; real formula tied to land-rate/construction-rate ratio) For 33(7B), 33(20A): net_bua_pre_fungible = rehab_bua × 1.15 (15% incentive) All regulations: total_bua = net_bua_pre_fungible × 1.35 (35% fungible FSI) saleable_bua = total_bua − rehab_bua saleable_carpet = saleable_bua × 0.65

Developer P&L

Revenue = saleable_carpet × market_rate Costs: construction = total_bua × construction_rate (₹3000-4000/sqft) premium_FSI = saleable_bua × premium_rate × 0.5 (saleable portion) rent = members × rent_per_month × construction_months corpus = members × corpus_per_member GST = construction × 5% stamp_duty = revenue × 5% × 40% (developer portion) soft_costs = revenue × 12% (legal, finance, marketing, RERA, brokerage) Profit = Revenue − sum(costs) Margin = Profit / Revenue × 100

Verdict bands

  • STRONG: margin ≥ 25% (society can negotiate more carpet/corpus)
  • FAIR: 15-25% margin (accept basic terms, lock down guarantees)
  • MARGINAL: 5-15% margin (developer likely to delay/cut quality)
  • INVIABLE: < 5% or negative (developer won't take project cleanly)

Known limitations

  • TDR (Transferable Development Rights) loading not modelled — can add 0.5-1.0 FSI beyond shown base case.
  • Road-widening setbacks not deducted; affects plots near WEH, EEH, S V Road, L B S Marg.
  • Height restrictions in CRZ, airport-funnel, heritage zones not enforced.
  • IOD/OC delays (typically 18-30 months) not added to construction timeline.
  • Cluster premium for 33(9) is variable — calc uses a flat baseline.
  • Real margin swing typically ±10% from this calculator's output.
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Contractor Quote Checker Q3 2026

Calculator: /quote-check/ Verdict bands: Fair / High / Very High Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Compares your contractor's per-sqft quoted rate against the Ghar Ka Budget benchmark for your city, build quality, and project type. Returns a verdict (Fair / Slightly High / Very High) plus the indicative gap in rupees.

Verdict logic

The calculator compares your contractor's per-sqft rate against our city + quality benchmark and assigns one of three bands — Fair (within market variance), Slightly High (a measurable premium that often reflects contractor margin or genuine spec upgrades), or Very High (a premium large enough that you should ask the contractor to justify it line-by-line). The exact threshold percentages are tuned per quality tier and refreshed each quarter; they're visible in the verdict text the calculator returns.

Real-world reading: a small premium over the benchmark is normal market variance. A larger premium typically reflects either contractor margin or genuine spec upgrades not captured in the benchmark. A very large premium generally indicates either an untrained contractor padding the quote, or a custom design loaded with non-standard items (cantilevered slabs, double-height ceilings, imported facades) which need a separate spec-by-spec review.

Rate sources

  • Same as the construction calculator (CPWD SOR, MOSPI WPI, contractor quote calibration). Quote checker uses the same underlying benchmark.

Known limitations

  • Cannot detect spec-level inflation (e.g. a contractor charging fair per-sqft but quoting Ambuja cement at ₹480/bag when market is ₹420). Use the quote checker as a first filter; line-item review is still needed.
  • Premium and luxury builds have wider variance — a 25% premium on a ₹3,500/sqft luxury build can be defensible if the design is genuinely unusual.
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Stamp Duty & Registration Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /stamp-duty/ States covered: 13 Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Total stamp duty + registration fees on residential or plot purchase, by state, buyer gender (male / female / joint), and property location (urban / rural where applicable).

State-wise rates (Q3 2026)

StateMaleFemaleJointReg feeReg cap
Maharashtra (MH)6%5%5%1%₹30,000
Karnataka (KA)5%5%5%1%
Delhi (DL)6%4%4%1%
Uttar Pradesh (UP)7%6%6%1%
Tamil Nadu (TN)7%7%7%4%
Gujarat (GJ)4.9%4.9%4.9%1%
Telangana (TG)4%4%4%0.5%
Haryana (HR)7%5%5%1%
West Bengal (WB)6%6%6%1%
Rajasthan (RJ)6%5%5%1%
Madhya Pradesh (MP)7.5%7.5%7.5%3%
Kerala (KL)8%8%8%2%
Punjab (PB)7%5%5%1%

Rate sources

  • Maharashtra IGR portal (igrmaharashtra.gov.in)
  • Karnataka Kaveri portal (kaverionline.karnataka.gov.in)
  • Delhi DORIS portal (doris.delhigovt.nic.in)
  • UP IGRSUP portal (igrsup.gov.in)
  • Tamil Nadu TNREGINET (tnreginet.gov.in)
  • Gujarat Garvi portal (garvi.gujarat.gov.in)
  • Telangana IGRS (registration.telangana.gov.in)
  • Each state's latest finance department notification

Known limitations

  • Some states (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu) have additional surcharges in specific municipal limits not modelled here. The displayed rate is the standard urban rate.
  • Excludes additional charges some states levy on plots vs flats (e.g. some MCD slabs, Mumbai Metro Cess).
  • Stamp duty is paid on the higher of agreement value or government circle/ready-reckoner rate. The calculator uses the user-entered agreement value; if that is below the circle rate, stamp duty will actually be higher.
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Home Loan Eligibility Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /home-loan-eligibility/ Method: FOIR-based (Fixed Obligation to Income Ratio) Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Maximum home loan amount you qualify for, based on income, existing EMIs, age, and city. Uses the standard FOIR formula Indian banks apply.

Core formula

disposable_income = monthly_net_income − existing_EMIs permitted_EMI = disposable_income × FOIR_cap(income_band) FOIR_cap by income band: < ₹30,000/month: 40% ₹30,000–75,000: 50% > ₹75,000: 55–65% (varies by lender) max_loan_amount = permitted_EMI × tenure_factor(rate, tenure) Effective tenure cap = min(user_input, 60 − current_age) (Most banks require loan to end before age 60; some allow up to 65)

Rate sources

  • SBI, HDFC, ICICI, Axis, Kotak FOIR disclosures (sourced from public bank product pages and lender guidelines)
  • RBI Master Direction on Income Recognition and Asset Classification (for FOIR norms)
  • Cross-validation with lender-aggregator (BankBazaar, Paisabazaar) typical eligibility outputs

Known limitations

  • Individual lenders apply additional filters: CIBIL score (typically 700+), employer category (some lenders favour PSU/listed corporates), property location risk grade. The calculator gives the FOIR-based ceiling; lender-specific approval can be lower.
  • Co-applicant income aggregation is modelled at face value. In practice, some lenders apply a 70–80% haircut on co-applicant income.
  • Self-employed eligibility uses a simplified income proxy. Banks actually compute eligibility against last 2–3 years' ITRs with various adjustments — the calculator's number is indicative.
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Painting Cost Calculator Q3 2026

Calculator: /painting-cost/ Variance: ±15% Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Total painting cost for interior or exterior, by carpet area, paint tier (economy / standard / premium / luxury), and condition (fresh paint vs repaint with putty).

Rate model

4 paint tiers (economy / standard / premium / luxury) calibrated against dealer pricing for the major Indian paint brands (Asian Paints, Berger, Nerolac, Dulux) plus painting-contractor labour rates from state minimum-wage notifications. Coverage assumptions: economy and standard get primer + 2 coats; premium and luxury add full putty preparation. Wall area is auto-computed from carpet area as carpet_area × 3.5 (typical for 9′ ceilings, accounting for openings).

Rate sources

  • Asian Paints, Berger, Nerolac, Dulux dealer pricing (Apr 2026, 4 cities)
  • Painting contractor labour rates: state Labour Department wage notifications cross-checked against painting-contractor quotes (Apr–May 2026)

Known limitations

  • Excludes texture finishes, designer accents, wallpapers, and stencil work.
  • Exterior painting on heritage buildings or buildings above 4 floors needs scaffold or rope-access — adds 20–40% on labour.
  • Repaint over moisture-damaged walls without addressing seepage will fail within 1–2 monsoons. The calculator does not account for the cost of fixing the underlying problem.
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Plot Purchase Viability Calculator May 2026

Calculator: /plot-viability/ Verdict logic: Green / Amber / Red Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

True all-in cost of a plot purchase (price + stamp duty + registration + brokerage + legal + holding cost), the break-even appreciation rate needed to beat alternative investments, and a verdict (viable / marginal / poor) based on whether the deal makes financial sense.

Core formulas

all_in_cost = plot_price + stamp_duty(state, gender) + registration_fee(state) + brokerage_pct × plot_price + legal_fees annual_holding_cost = current_plot_value × holding_cost_pct total_holding_cost = sum over years (compounded) plot_FV = plot_price × (1 + appreciation_pct)^years alt_FV = all_in_cost × (1 + alt_return_pct)^years break_even_rate = ((alt_FV / plot_price)^(1/years) − 1) + holding_cost_pct (the appreciation rate at which plot matches alt-investment return) Verdict bands (broad framing): Low break-even rate: Viable — deal has comfortable margin Moderate break-even: Viable only if location is genuinely growing; verify with registered transactions High break-even: Marginal — plot must outperform broad market Very high break-even: Poor — financially hard to justify Specific cut-off percentages are tuned per buyer plan (hold / build-later / build-now) and refreshed each quarter against ANAROCK Land Index. Visible in the verdict text.

Rate sources

  • Stamp duty: same 13-state sources as /stamp-duty/
  • Holding cost typical range (0.3–0.8% per year): municipal property tax rate cards, Apr 2026 (BMC, BBMP, MCG, MCD, GHMC)
  • Alternative-return defaults: SBI 3–5yr FD rate (~7%), 5yr Sensex rolling CAGR May 2026 (~12%), debt MF 5yr (~7.5%) — user-adjustable
  • Plot appreciation reference data: ANAROCK Land Index, Knight Frank India Wealth Report 2025 (validation only)

Known limitations

  • Plot price appreciation is location-specific to a degree the calculator cannot model. Tier-1 outer ring road plots have outpaced 9% in many corridors; stagnant Tier-3 plots have underperformed FDs. The calculator uses your assumed appreciation rate and tells you whether the assumption is plausible.
  • Excludes encroachment risk, title-dispute litigation cost, and forced-sale liquidity discount — all real costs of plot ownership.
  • Build-now scenario does not factor construction loan interest if you finance the build (use /emi/ separately).
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Modular Kitchen Cost Calculator Q3 2026

Calculator: /modular-kitchen/ Variance: ±15% baseline; +30–55% for branded showrooms Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Per-running-foot kitchen cost based on layout, shutter finish, carcass material, hardware tier, countertop, and accessories. Output includes branded-showroom equivalent range.

Rate model

5 shutter-finish tiers (laminate / membrane / acrylic / PU / glass) priced per running foot, with carcass material (BWP / BWR / HDHMR / MR / MDF / particle), hardware tier (Indian / midbrand / premium), city, countertop, and accessories layered on top. Branded showroom pricing (Sleek, Hettich Studio, Hafele Aspekt, Godrej Interio, Livspace) is also estimated as an upper-bound multiplier — visible in the comparison panel of the calculator.

Rate sources

  • Local-carpenter quotes (12 cities, Apr–May 2026)
  • Greenply HDHMR / BWP / BWR / MR plywood dealer pricing
  • Hettich, Blum, Ebco hardware dealer price disclosures
  • Cross-validated against Sleek, Hettich Studio, Hafele Aspekt, Godrej Interio, Livspace public price lists (used to calibrate the 1.30–1.55× branded uplift)

Known limitations

  • Excludes appliances unless the appliance toggle is set (chimney + hob pre-priced in basic / premium tiers).
  • Imported countertop materials (Caesarstone, Silestone) priced at quartz tier, but fully imported can run 30–50% higher.
  • Site conditions affect installation cost — uneven walls, no plumbing rough-in, or 4th-floor walk-up adds 5–15% in installation labour.
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Bathroom Renovation Cost Calculator Q3 2026

Calculator: /bathroom-renovation/ Variance: ±15% baseline; +35–65% for branded design houses Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Total bathroom renovation cost for area type (compact / standard / master / large) or custom sqft, with per-line-item breakdown: tiles, sanitary, counter, shower, ceiling, plumbing, waterproofing, demolition.

Rate model

  • Tile: priced per sqft of tile coverage (auto-computed as 4× floor area for standard wall tile coverage), in 4 quality tiers (economy / mid / premium / luxury) calibrated against major Indian tile brands.
  • Sanitary bundle per bathroom: closet + basin + faucets + diverter + shower set, in 4 brand tiers calibrated against Hindware, Jaquar, Cera, Kohler, Toto public catalogue pricing.
  • Counter (granite / quartz / marble), shower (curtain / glass partition / walk-in / steam), ceiling (none / PVC / gypsum) tiered separately.
  • Waterproofing, demolition, and plumbing rework priced per sqft of bathroom floor area — values shown in calculator output.

Rate sources

  • Tile dealer pricing: Kajaria, Somany, Orient Bell, Johnson, Asian Granito (Apr–May 2026 dealer surveys, Mumbai/Bangalore/Pune/Delhi)
  • Sanitary fittings: Hindware, Jaquar, Cera, Kohler, Toto public catalogue pricing
  • Branded studio comparison: Sleek Bath, Pepperfry Bath, Bonito Designs, Livspace Bath disclosures

Known limitations

  • Imported Italian/Spanish marble priced at ‘luxury’ tile band; ultra-premium can exceed ₹3,000/sqft.
  • Steam bathrooms in <40 sqft are not advised (model warns); calculator allows but flags.
  • Excludes structural changes (moving plumbing risers, knocking through to add area).
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Waterproofing Cost Calculator Q3 2026

Calculator: /waterproofing/ Variance: ±15% Last rate review: 5 May 2026

What it computes

Total waterproofing cost by area type (terrace / bathroom / basement / water tank / external walls), method (cementitious / acrylic / PU / APP membrane / EPDM / PMMA), surface condition, and add-ons (pressure wash, screed slope correction, crack chasing).

Rate model

6 waterproofing methods modelled (cementitious, acrylic, polyurethane, APP membrane, EPDM, PMMA), each with its own per-sqft cost band and lifespan range. The calculator shows side-by-side comparison so users can weigh upfront cost vs years-of-coverage. Surface-condition adjustments (new / existing / leaking) and add-ons (pressure wash, screed slope correction, crack chasing) are layered on top.

Method selection guidance built into the calculator: cementitious for bathrooms and water tanks (NOT terraces); APP membrane as the default for most Indian terraces; EPDM and PMMA for premium villas and specialty applications.

Rate sources

  • Dr Fixit, Asian Paints SmartCare, MYK Laticrete, Sika, Pidilite dealer pricing (Apr–May 2026)
  • APP membrane: IWL, BMI, STP rate cards
  • Specialised applicator quotes (4 cities, Mumbai monsoon-zone weighted)

Known limitations

  • Slope correction is the dominant lifespan factor — a method's lifespan numbers assume adequate slope. Flat ponding terraces fail any method within 5 years if slope is not corrected first.
  • Brand premium is real but small (5–15%); application quality dominates outcome.
  • Excludes structural crack repair (above ₹200/m of crack); calculator handles only hairline cracks at the ‘crack chasing’ rate.
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City rate methodology

Each of the 15 city pages (Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi NCR, Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Jaipur, Kochi, Lucknow, Indore, Surat, Nagpur, Coimbatore) publishes economy / standard / premium per-sqft rates calibrated as follows:

  1. Start with the CPWD SOR baseline rate for the relevant region.
  2. Apply state PWD SOR adjustments where they diverge from CPWD.
  3. Layer state Labour Department wage adjustments (UP at −30 to −40% of NCR wage; Tamil Nadu at −15 to −25%).
  4. Apply MOSPI WPI material adjustment for the latest available month (May 2026 release).
  5. Calibrate against the median of 5+ contractor quotes collected from each city in the most recent quarter.
  6. Cross-validate against state RERA registered project per-sqft cost data for the same quality tier.

City pages also publish locality-level adjustments (Gomti Nagar vs Vibhuti Khand in Lucknow; Vesu vs Adajan in Surat; Vijay Nagar vs AB Road in Indore, etc.). These reflect actual transaction premiums — calibrated against state IGR registered transactions in each locality over the trailing 12 months.

Corrections & feedback

If you spot a rate that doesn't match what you're being quoted, or a regulatory rule that has changed: please tell us. We treat reader corrections as a primary source.

Versioning: Rate revisions are logged in our public articles index. The site footer shows the current methodology document version (currently v1.0, published 7 May 2026). Substantive changes to formulas (not just rate refreshes) are versioned and dated here.